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Assam seismologists decline to accept US expert warning. Experts dismiss Assam quake fears

By a Staff Reporter GUWAHATI, Jan 3: Experts have said that there is no scientific basis to ascertain the news that the shock waves of the devastating earthquake that rocked Sumatra in Indonesia on December 26, have been moving towards the north-western direction in which Assam lies.Talking to The Sentinel here today, Professor MM Saikia, Head of the Centre for Natural Disaster Management at the Assam Administrative Staff College and an expert on seismology, said that north-eastern India and Myanmar are seismologically very active as stress has been accumulating due to the movement of the Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates at the rate of 5 cm per year. The Bureau of Indian Code has placed the North-east at Zone V along with Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh which are the most earthquake-prone.Declining to accept the possibility that the after-effects of the Sumatra quake may hit Assam (as stated by an American expert), Professor Saikia said that the aftershocks of a big earthquake, the epicentre of which fall along the fault-line, were a common phenomenon. (The fault-line is the crack that develops beneath the earth�s surface following a quake). "Though proper study is yet to be done to find out the length of the fault-line of the Sumatra quake, its length might be around 250 km along the north-western direction as per init
y。南风苏门答腊和之间的距离n part of the north-eastern India is about 3,000 km, the possibility of an impact of the massive quake in the region is almost nil," he said. As per record, the length of a fault-line cannot exceed 300 to 400 km, he said and added that even the longest fault-line of Turkey is not continuous, but segmental."In general, the epicentre of a main shock is located nearly on the border of the domain of each after-shock. It is not situated at the central part of the domain. Again, after-shocks of an after-shock cannot happen," Professor Saikia said, quoting the book, Study of Earthquakes, written by Dr Takeo Matzawa of the University of Tokyo.Under-thrust plates are more earthquake-prone than the over-thrust plates and the Indian plate lies beneath the Burmese plate, he said.Meteorologist at the Central Seismological Observatory at Shillong, AC Lyngdoh, told The Sentinel over telephone that as many as 90 after-shocks had been recorded till 4 am yesterday after the Sumatra quake. The magnitude of these after-shocks measured 5 and more on the Richter scale, he said, adding that both the frequency and magnitude of the after-shocks are declining.On the migration of the after-shocks, the Indian Meteorology Department Network said in a report, "After-shock activities recorded so far by the Indian Meteorology Department Network did not indicate any such threat. However, there was an earthquake of magnitude 5.0 on the Richter scale on December 30 last year in Myanmar which may be an isolated event. It may be mentioned here that neither the occurrence, nor the non-occurrence of a future earthquake can be predicted with certainty with the current knowledge."Dr Sushil Goswami, a geologist at the Dibrugarh University, said that on an average three micro earthquakes (having a magnitude of less than 5) have been recorded in the north-eastern India. The Indo-Australian plate has slipped about 1,000 km in the aftermath of the Sumatra earthquake, he said.These experts have said that earth
people built, took lives. "So, people should follow safety norms during house construction," Dr Goswami said. A coordinated effort is the need of the hour to tackle any disaster, said Professor Saikia and added that the State Government should come forward to build a data base so that these could be shared by all.

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The Role of Structural Failure

元素力量的概念和系统stability are learned at an early age. They often appear in children's stories that have been repeated for decades. One favourite in North America is the story of the "Three Little Pigs." Each pig desired to build a house to protect itself from the Big, Bad Wolf. One pig built a house of straw while another built a house of sticks and twigs. The third pig erected a house of brick. The story follows that the big, bad wolf came to the homes of the three pigs. He drew a huge breath and huffed and puffed until he blew the first house down. He chased the pig into the second house where he repeated his imitation of a typhoon. This house was also blown over and the pigs fled into the brick house. In front of the brick house the wolf hyperventilated. His grandest attempts to blow over this edifice failed and so he did not have pork for dinner. The story teaches children that a brick building is the strongest and most stable because it is the only one which could resist the huffing and puffing. The straw and stick buildings were blown away in the wind and only within the brick structure do the three pigs find their security.
This lesson is correct if the load that is of greatest concern is a tornado, typhoon, hurricane or similar lateral load. However, the brick house would have been the worst structure to live in if it was built in an earthquake zone. In fact, an un-reinforced masonry building is much more life threatening in an earthquake when compared to a straw hut. Then again, another response would be appropriate if the house was in a region where winds were
ature variations were critical. The same would be true if mobility was the most significant issue. Each of these is specific loading condition that could lead to structural failure. It is critical that the appropriate loads and loading combinations are considered for each and every structure depending on use and location. Every one is different!
"Humpy Dumpty" is another children�s' tale with a structural lesson. He was a good egg who sat on a wall for quite a while. One day he lost his balance and fell to the ground where all of the king's men could not put Humpty back together again. The eggshell is a wonderfully efficient, naturally occurring thin structure that is extremely strong under evenly distributed loading conditions. One type of load which a thin shell cannot resist is a sharp point load. Thus, when Humpty fell to the ground he loaded his wonderful structure in a way that caused a strength and system failure.

Building Codes are often considered to be the bane of architectural designers. However, they have been a part of the profession for thousands of years. The illustration above is a part of the Code of Hammurabi that was written about 2200BC. The Code can be translated as:

If a builder builds a house for a man and does not make its construction firm and the house collapses and causes the death of the owner of the house - that builder shall be put to death.
If it causes the death of a son of the owner - a son of that builder shall be put to death .
If it causes the death of a slave of the owner - the builder shall give the owner a slave of equal value.
If it destroys property - the builder shall restore whatever it destroyed and because the builder did not make the house firm, shall rebuild the house which collapsed at his own expense.
If a builder builds a house and does not make its construction meet the requirements and a wall falls in - that builder shall strengthen the wall at his own expense.

The negative incentive of the Code of Hammurabi does not bode well for innovation. However, i
关节,建筑规范已经存在了很长一段time, and are not likely to go away. Structural designers are often considered to be a very conservative group. One of the reasons for this could be found in such a building code. In addition, when a building experiences structural failure the results are usually quite different than if the air conditioning system fails. Although some aspects of the building codes seem ridiculous, they are in place to guarantee the public's safety and should be respected.
Each and every one of us is a structural designer in his or her own way. The act of walking down a set of stairs or pushing a wheelchair forward or swimming across a pool requires an understanding of gravity, the flow of forces and how to work with them.

Petroski notes: "The Concept of Failure is central to understanding engineering, it has as it�s first and foremost objective the obviation of failure. Design, even structural design, is a human endeavour and thus it is subject to error. Due to this, some designs are destined to fail. This can lead to a loss of life which in itself is tragic, but a deeper unforgivable tragedy exists when the lessons of the failure are understood and allowed to occur again."
Questions for Thought
What part does, or did, "trial and error" play in the development of the understanding of structural behaviour? How many Cathedrals collapsed before the master builders determined the correct arch for the ceilings of the Gothic Cathedrals? How many times did it take for you to learn how to do a specific physical activity that required extreme concentration and balance? A building only has one chance. Can you remember the last time that you read about a building failure? What failed? Why did that part of the building fail? Was the failure due to limitations of human understanding? or was it due to human error or negligence? or perhaps due to greed? Was the failure due to an unexpected load? What kind of unexpected load created the failure of the buildings around the frame in the previous
ated with the following exercise. Take ten small paper clips. Twist each one back and forth and count the number of turns that it takes for each paper clip to fail. Note the variance in what seems to be exactly the same material for each one. What role does statistics play in structural design?
Additional Reading
Petroski, Henry: To Err Is Human; The Role of Failure in Design.

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What is not clear from the pictures whether it is the Tsunami which has destroyed or the Earthquake?

Were there any RCC structures damaged beyond repair due to Tsunami ?

Or was it the earthquake did the damage first and later the Tsunami did the remaining destruction?

What kind of force the wave can generate to damage the designed buildings? If the building is RCC framed structure at least the frame should be standing in case the partition walls / non loadbearing walls could not take the horizontal impact of the moving wave. Please note the buildings I am referring to are not right on the shore but 50 to 100 m behind the shore ( as what it appeared from the Television pics)?

These questions have been bothering me as from the reports Tsunami is a large wave travelling at great speed however after it reaches the shore the water might rise 15 to 20 feet. Now how far this wave can be that high, because once it reaches the land the height as well as the velocity should reduce. Can it structurally damage a Designed building ( designed as per that EQ / wind etc Zone) may it be RCC or Load bearing brick/block/stone masonry.

A program on televsion was shown on NGC of a village abroad which is protected from Tsunami by a 35 feet high wall. Of course they did mentioned that it has not been tested as yet as there was no incident of tsunami one wonders what is the force for which it must have been designed ???

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[Guest]

What is not clear from the pictures whether it is the Tsunami which has
destroyed or the Earthquake?

Were there any RCC structures damaged beyond repair due to Tsunami ?

Or was it the earthquake did the damage first and later the Tsunami did
the remaining destruction?

What kind of force the wave can generate to damage the designed
buildings? If the building is RCC framed structure at least the frame
should be standing in case the partition walls / non loadbearing walls
could not take the horizontal impact of the moving wave. Please note the
我重新建筑ferring to are not right on the shore but 50 to 100 m
behind the shore ( as what it appeared from the Television pics)?

These questions have been bothering me as from the reports Tsunami is a
large wave travelling at great speed however after it reaches the shore
the water might rise 15 to 20 feet. Now how far this wave can be that
high, because once it reaches the land the height as well as the
velocity should reduce. Can it structurally damage a Designed building (
designed as per that EQ / wind etc Zone) may it be RCC or Load bearing
brick/block/stone masonry.

A program on televsion was shown on NGC of a village abroad which is
protected from Tsunami by a 35 feet high wall. Of course they did
mentioned that it has not been tested as yet as there was no incident of
tsunami one wonders what is the force for which it must have been
designed ???

Vijay Patil

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sdec@bol.net.inwrote:
Dear Dr Jain,
I've designed a school bldg in Old Delhi for MCD where the soil
investigation rep recommends a raft at 3m depth(the soil above is loose and
with N<=5) and we had duly recommended the same.However, when the work at
site was to begin, we were called at site to show, to our horror, that all
the three sides had 5-6 storeyed structures resting on the boundaries(and
looked to be built with half brick thick walls above precariously balanced
on v shallow footings).So much so, the only open front side road has been
covered by the obliging neighbour across the road at the FF lvl!!
Pl tell me what is my status vis a vis the advice sought now by MCD who
clearly are at their wit's end because in this case all three(in fact four)
structures are surely going to collapse the moment we dig for fdns.They've
requested us to give them shallow open footings which are against the
geotech investigations and i dont wish to risk my neck either, i mean i do
hope u understand the situation is pretty grim.Do u wish to suggest any
action?
with best regards and awaiting a quick reply
Sangeeta
----- Original Message -----
Message From
To:
Sent: Wednesday, January 26, 2005 9:29 PM
Subject: Second Annivesary of SEFI

[Guest]

HI to all member
i looking for the data of koyana earthquake?
i one can help me in this or please give link for that



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Dear All,

With an epicenter about 10km away from yesterdays one-Koyna has shaken
again.


Hari



PRELIMINARY EARTHQUAKE REPORT


Date of Occurrence:
15/03/2005

Time:
07:37:08.1(IST)

Intensity:
SLIGHT

Magnitude:
4.6

Epicentre:
Lat 17.2 degN,Long 73.8 degE

Region:
KOYNA(MAHARASTRA)

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